JUDGMENT Prakash Krishna, J.
1. In Income Tax Reference No. 68 of 1987 the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Allahabad has referred the following question of law under Section 256(1) of the Income Tax Act 1961 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) for opinion to this Court:-
"Whether Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act is applicable to the Income-tax proceedings?"
2. Whereas in Income Tax Reference No. 275 of 1991 which relates to proceedings for imposition of penalty under Section 273(c) of the Act for the Assessment Years 1977-78 and 1978-79, the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal has referred the following identical question of law for opinion to this Court:-
"Whether the Tribunal was correct in law in cancelling penalty of Rs. 15, 000)/- imposed Under Section 273(c) in view of the facts and circumstance of the case when the order dated 21.1.1986 in I.T.A. Nos. 2086 & 2087 (Alld) relied upon is already subjudice before the Hon'ble High Court by way of departmental application Under Section 256(1) against it allowed by the Tribunal?"
3. Briefly stated the facts giving rise to the present reference No. 68 of 1987 are as follows:-
The reference relates to the assessment year 1977-78 and 1978-79. The assessments for the assessment years in question were completed under Section 144 on 20.2.1981. The assessment orders were served on the assessee on 9.3.1981. The assessee moved an application under Section 146 on 9.4.1981. Whereas under the stipulated provisions of the Act, the application under Section 146 should have been tiled on or before 8.4.1981. The assessee accordingly moved an application for condonation of the delay of one day under Section 5 of the Limitation Act. The Income-tax Officer considered the submission of the assessee and observed that in view of the clear provisions of Section 146, he had no powers to condone the delay. The Income-tax Officer accordingly rejected the applications under Section 146 holding that it was barred by time.
4. The assessee came up in further appeal before the Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) and the Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) agreed with the submissions of the assessee that provision of Section 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963 were applicable and that Income-tax Officer ought to have condoned the delay in the prevailing circumstances in filing the application under section 146. The Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) accordingly set aside the order of the Income-tax Officer passed under Section 146 and directed the Income-tax Officer to accept the assessee's applications under, Section 146 and to re frame the assessments made by him under Section 144, for the assessment years in question.
5. In further appeal the Tribunal agreed with the order of the Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) with the following observation :-
"7. We have considered the submission of the parties and have gone through the material on record. It is clear from the aforesaid submission of the Departmental Representative/Authorised Representative for the assessee that the Hon'ble Madhya Pradesh High Court had taken a view favourable to the department, whereas the Hon'ble Punjab and Haryana High Court had taken a view in favour of the assessee. Accordingly, the order of the C.I.T. (Appeals) is well supported by the decision of the Punjab and Haryana High Court; though it is against the department, but since there is divergence of opinion between the two High Courts as to the application of provision of Limitation Act in the Income-tax matters. But the authority of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the cases of Vegetable products Ltd. (Supra) and Naga Hills Tea Co. Ltd. (supra) comes into play and thus we are inclined to follow the view expressed by their Lords nips of Punjab and Haryana High Court which is in favour of the assessee. Having considered all these facts, we are of the opinion that the delay of one day was rightly condoned by the CIT (Appeals) and accordingly we uphold the order of the C.I.T. (Appeals)."
6. The department sought the present reference which was accepted by the Tribunal. In the mean time, the Tribunal vide its order dated 31st May, 1990 in ITA 677 and 678 (Alld) of 1978-79 had upheld the order of the CIT (Appeals) canceling the penalty of Rs. 15,000)/- imposed under Section 273(c) following its earlier order dated 21st of January, 1986. The Tribunal has referred the aforementioned common question in ITR No. 275 of 1991.
7. Heard the learned standing counsel for the department. Shri Shambhu Chopra, the learned counsel for the assessee submitted that he has no instructions in the matter.
8. We find that there is divergence of opinion of different High Courts on the aforesaid question of law. A Full Bench Judgment of Madhya Pradesh High Court in Nihal Karan v. Commissioner of Wealth Tax, (1987) 168 ITR 508 has held with reference to Section 3 of the Wealth Tax Act that the language of Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act, 1963 which came into force w.e.f. 1st of January 1964 is, however, materially different. Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act, 1963, inter alia, provides that sections 4 to 24 shall apply to special or local law unless their application is expressly excluded, with the result unless application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act was exclusively excluded to an application under Section 27(3) of the Act, it would apply. It was held that section 5 of the Limitation Act applies to an application under Section 27(3) of the Wealth Tax Act and reliance has been placed by it on a decision of the Supreme Court in Hukum Dev v. Lalit Narain, and a case of Guwahati High Court in A. Gupta Trust Estate v. CWT . It may be noted here that Madhya Pradesh High Court was considering the question of applicability of Section 5 of the Limitation Act to an application to the High Court under Section 27(3) of the Wealth Tax Act. Section 27(3) of the Wealth Tax Act deals with reference application tiled before the High Court for calling the reference. In that connection it was held that Section 5 of the Limitation Act is applicable and law as laid down by the Madhya Pradesh High Court should be understood in that particular factual backdrop.
9. In contra, the Andhra Pradesh High Court in the case of B. Subbarao v. Inspecting Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax, (1987) 167 ITR 357 has held that the Limitation Act applies wholly to Civil Courts "and not to quasi judicial Tribunals, even though such Tribunals may be vested with certain specified power conferred on courts under the Code of Civil or Criminal Procedure. The question arose in connection with the delayed filing of an appeal Under Section 269G of the Act. It has been held that Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act does not have the effect of extending application of the Limitation to Tribunals. The Andhra Pradesh High Court in the aforesaid, case has disagreed with the decision of Punjab and Haryana and Madhya Pradesh High Courts and has held that the provisions of Section 5 of the Limitation Act can be invoked in a proceeding pending before Court and not before Tribunal. It has relied upon a judgment of Supreme Court given in the case of Sakru v. Tanali, . The Supreme Court has held that the Appellate Authority under the Andhra Pradesh (Telangana area) Tenancy and Agricultural Land Act has no power to condone the delay in filing the appeal under Section 5 of the Limitation Act because the Limitation Act applies only to Civil Courts, and not to Tribunals and also because there is no provision in the Act making Section 5 of the Limitation Act applicable to the proceedings under that Act. It is apt to reproduce the relevant paragraph from the judgment of the Supreme Court herein below:-
"After hearing both sides, we have unhesitatingly come to the conclusion that there is no substance in this appeal and that the view taken by the Division Bench in Venkaih's case, , is perfectly correct and sound. It is well settled by the decisions of this court in Town Municipal Council v. Presiding Officer, Labour Court ; Nityanand M. Joshi v. Life Insurance Corporation of India and Sushila Devi v. Ramanandan Prasad , that the provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963, apply only to proceedings in 'courts' and not to appeals or applications before bodies other than courts such as quasi-judicial tribunals or executive authorities, notwithstanding the fact that such bodies or authorities may be vested with certain specified powers conferred on courts under the Codes of Civil or Criminal Procedures. The Collector before whom the appeal was preferred by the appellant herein under Section 90 of the Act nor being a court, the Limitation Act, as such, had no applicability to the proceedings before him. But even in such a situation, the relevant special statute may contain an express provision conferring on the appellate authority, such as the Collector, the power to extend the prescribed period of limitation on Sufficient cause being shown by laying down that the provisions of Section 5 of the Limitation Act shall be applicable to such proceedings. "
10. Also in Smt. K.V. Sarojini Devi v. Inspecting Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax it has been held that appellate tribunal referred to in Section 269G of the Act is obviously not Court as defined in Section 269A(C) the Act. If the appellate Tribunal is not a court, the provisions of Limitation Act would clearly be inapplicable to the proceedings before the Appellate Tribunal. It has followed the judgment of Patna, Delhi and Andhra Pradesh High Courts in the cases of IAC of IT (Acquisition) v. Kedarnath Jhunihunmila, . Din Dayal Gael v. IT AT and B. Subba Rao v. IAC of IT (Supra).
11. A Division Bench of this Court' in the case of Sheo Prasad Vinod Kumar v. Union of India 248 ITR 619 interpreted proviso to Sub-section (1) of Section 256 of the Income Tax Act and has come to the conclusion that the said proviso limits the power of the Tribunal to condone the delay in filing application only for 30 days. It has no jurisdiction to condone the delay after the expiry of the period provided in the said proviso. The aforesaid judgment do lend support to the arguments of the learned standing counsel, on the facts of the present case.
12. At this juncture the departure made by the Limitation Act 1963, from the earlier Limitation Act 1908 is to be noted. The Supreme Court has pointed this difference in the case of Gopal Sardar v. Karuna Sardar, (2004) 4 S.C.C. 252. This case is an authority for the proposition that a departure has been made in Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act of 1963 from Indian Limitation Act, 1908. Under the Indian Limitation Act 1908, Section 29(2)(b) provided for the purpose of determining for a period of Limitation prescribed for any suit, appeal or application by any special law or .local law the application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act was specifically and in clear terms excluded: Under Section 29(2) of the present Limitation-Act 1963, section 5 applies in case of special or local law to the extent to which it is not expressly excluded by special or local law. It has been further held that even in the case, where the special law does not exclude the provisions of Section 4 to 24 of the Limitation Act by an expressed reference, it would nonetheless be open to the court to examine whether or and to what extent the nature of those provisions or the nature of the subject matter of scheme of special law exclude their operation.
13. The Supreme Court in the case of Gopal Sardar has considered its earlier judgment given in the case of CST v. Parson Tools & Plants, , Hukun Dev Narain Yadav v. Lalit Narain and other judgments. It has noted the departure made in Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act in comparison to old Limitation Act, 1908. The relevant paragraph is reproduced below:-
"An important departure is made in Section 29 sub-section (2) of the Limitation Act of 1963. Under the Indian Limitation Act, 1908 Section 29(2)(h) provided that for the purpose of determining any period of limitation prescribed for any suit, appeal or-application by any special or local law the application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act was specifically and in clear terms excluded, but under Section 29(2) of the present Limitation Act, Section 5 shall apply in case of special or local law to the extent to which it is not expressly excluded by such special or local law. In other words, application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act stands excluded only when it is .expressly excluded by the special or local law. The emphasis of the argument by the learned counsel, who argued for the proposition that Section 5 of the Limitation Act is applicable to an application made for enforcement of rights of pre-emption under Section 8 of the Act was on the ground that the Act has not expressly excluded the application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act. "
14. Ultimately it has reached to the following conclusion which is reproduced below:-
"Considering the scheme of the Act being a self-contained code in dealing with the matters arising under Section 8 of the Act and in the light of the aforementioned decisions of this Court in the case of Hukumdev Narain Yadav, Anwari Basavaraj Patil and Parson Tools it should be construed that there has been exclusion of application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act to an application under Section 8 of the Act. In view of what is stated above, the non-applicability of Section 5 of the Limitation Act to, the proceedings under Section 8 of the Act is certain and sufficiently clear. Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act as to the express exclusion of Section 5 of the Limitation Act and the specific period of limitation prescribed under Section 8 of the Act without providing for either extension of time or application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act or its principles can be read together harmoniously. Such reading does not lead to any absurdity or unworkability or frustrating the object of the Act. At any rate, in the light of the three-Judge Bench decision of this Court in Hukumdev Narain Yadav case and subsequently followed in Anwari Basavaraj Patil case even though special or local law does not state in so many words expressly that Section 5 of the Limitation Act is not applicable to the proceedings under those Acts, from the scheme of the Act and having regard to various provisions such express exclusion could be gathered. Thus, a conscious and intentional omission by the legislature to apply Section 5 of the Limitation Act to the proceedings under Section 8 of the Act, looking to the scheme of the Act, nature of right of pre-emption and express application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act to the other provisions under the Act, itself means and amounts to "express exclusion" of it satisfying the requirement of Section 29(2) of the limitation Act. "
15. It has come to the conclusion that its judgment given in the case of Mkri Gopalan v. Cheppilat, cannot be applied in support of the submission that Section 5 of the Limitation Act is applicable to a proceeding under a special Act, with the observation that in "any case' the case of Mukri Gopalan was decided by two learned judges of the Court.
16. Recently the Supreme Court in the case of L.S. Synthetic Ltd. v. Fair Growth Financial Services Limited, Judgment Today 2004 (7) S.C. 254 has considered the question as regards to the applicability of Limitation Act to the proceedings under the Special Code (Trial and Offences Relating to Transaction in Securities) Act 1992. It has been observed by the Apex Court that the Limitation Act 1963 is applicable only in relation to certain applications and not all applications despite the fact that the words "other proceedings" added in the long title of the Act 1963. It has been held that the provisions of Limitation Act are not applicable to the proceedings before the bodies other than the courts, such as quasi judicial Tribunal or even in a Tribunal. The relevant portion is quoted below:-
"The provisions of the said Act are not applicable to the proceedings before bodies other than courts, such as quasi-judicial tribunal or even an executive authority. The Act primarily applies to the civil proceedings or some special criminal proceedings. Even in a Tribunal, where the Code of Civil Procedure or Code of Criminal Procedure is applicable; the Limitation Act, 1963 per se may not be applied to the proceedings before it. Even in relation to certain civil proceedings, the Limitation Act may not have any application. As for example, there is no bar of limitation for initiation of a final decree proceedings or to invoke the jurisdiction of the court under Section 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure or for correction of accidental slip or omission in judgments, orders or decrees; the reason being that these powers can be exercised even suo motu by the court and, thus, no question of any limitation arises.
17. In Fair Growth Investment Limited v. The Custodian, the Supreme Court has followed its earlier judgment given in the case L.S. Synthetic Ltd. (Supra) and has made the following observation with regard to the Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act :-
"Finally, Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act speaks of application of the provisions contained in Sections 4 to 24 "only in so far as, and to the extent to which they are not expressly excluded by such special or local laws". This language, together with our earlier reasoning, particularly with regard to L.S. Synthetics, would answer the further question raised by the appellant namely, whether the question of exclusion of the provisions of the Limitation Act must be separately considered with reference to different provisions of a Special/Local Act or in connection with the provisions of the Special/Local Act, as a whole, by affirmation of the first alternative. We are therefore not called upon to decide whether claims either preferred for the first time before the Special Court or transferred to the Special Court under Section 9A(2) would attract the provisions of Sections 4 to 24 of the Limitation Act. It is enough for the purpose of this appeal to hold that Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act, 1963 does not apply to proceedings under Section 4(2) of the Special Courts (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities), Act 1992. Since the appellant's petition of objection had been filed much beyond the period prescribed under that Section, the Special Court was right in rejecting the petition in limine. The appeal is accordingly dismissed but without any order as to costs.
18. In this case the Supreme Court has considered its various earlier judgments including in the cases of Vidya Charan Shukla and Hukum Dev Narain (Supra) and also in the case of Gopal Sardars v. Karuna Sardar, (2004) 4 SCC 252. This case is an authority for the proposition that a departure has been made in Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act of 1963 from Indian Limitation Act, 1908. Under the Indian Limitation Act 1908 Section 29(2)(b) provides for the purpose of determining for a period of Limitation prescribed for any suit, appeal or application by any special law or local law the application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act was specifically and in clear terms excluded. Under Section 29(2) of the present Limitation Act, 1963 Section 5 applies in case of special or local law to the extent to which it is not expressly excluded by special or local law. It has been further held that even in the case, where the special law does not exclude the provisions of Section 4 to 24 of the Limitation Act by an expressed reference, it would nonetheless be open to the court to examine whether or and to what extent the nature of those provisions or the nature of the subject matter of scheme of special law exclude their operation. In this case also the Supreme Court followed its dictum as given in the case of M/s Parson Tools (supra) and has come to the conclusion that the benefit of Section 5 of the Limitation Act can not be extended in late tiling of the application under Section 8 of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955. The Court examined the scheme of West Bengal Land Reforms Act and came to the conclusion that the scheme of the Act impliedly excludes the application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act to the aforesaid Act.
19. In the above case the Supreme Court was considering the question of condonation of delay for filing an application in the nature of suit beyond the prescribed time for the enforcement of right of preemption under the provisions of West Bengal Land Reforms Act 1955, It examined the nature of right of preemption and also the West Bengal Land Reforms Act and was of the view that right of preemption is statutory right and is a week one to be exercised strictly in terms of section 8 and considerations of equity do not apply. It was held that the delay in filing the said application would not be condoned by invoking the provisions of Section 5 of the Limitation Act. In view of very week nature of right, of preemption it. was held that the applicability of the provisions of section 5 of the Limitation Act read with Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act stands impliedly excluded. The application for enforcement of right of preemption by a purchaser is required to be filed within 4 months of the date of such transfer under Section 8 of the W.B. Land Reforms Act 1955. The provisions of Limitation Act were made applicable by express provision in filing the appeal and revision that Section 14H and Section 19 of the Act. Further, it is clear that there was no specific exclusion of the Limitation Act in section 8 of that Act which provides the filing, of application in the nature of a suit for enforcement of right of preemption by a purchaser. But even then the Supreme Court held that the provisions of the Limitation Act stands excluded so far as the delay in filing of the application under Section 8 of the Aforesaid Act is concerned.
20. We have also examined the said question in connection with the late filing of reference application under Section 35H(1) of the Central Excise Act, in Central Excise Reference Application (4) of 2001 Commissioner of Central Excise Meerut v. Salora international Limited and by the judgment dated 13.9.2005 have held that general provisions of Limitation Act will not apply to condone the delay in late filing of reference application under section 35H(1) of the Central Excise Act by invoking Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act, 1963.
21. Coming to the facts of the present case we find that an application for reopening of assessment at the instance of the assessee under Section 146(1) has to be filed "within one month from the date of service of notice of demand issued in consequence of assessment." Two things are clear. Firstly there is no express provision under the Income Tax Act making the provisions of Section 5 of the Limitation Act applicable to such an application, filed under Section 146 of the Act. Secondly, the Income Tax Officer while entertaining the application for reopening of assessment under Section 146 of the Act does not act as a Court. It acts at the most as a quasi judicial authority. In the case in hand, as found by the Authorities below the application for reopening of the assessment was filed beyond one day of one month. The Income Tax Act is a self contained Act. It defines the taxable income, income chargeable to tax, its method of computation. It provides the departmental appeals before the First Appellate Authority as well as before the Tribunal. In absence of any express provision of applicability of Section 5 of the Limitation Act to an application filed before the Assessing Authority it is difficult to hold that such Assessing Authority is competent to accept the application filed beyond the prescribed period, as prescribed under the Income Tax Act. Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act would also not make the Section 5 of the Limitation Act applicable as the Assessing Authority is not a Court. The Supreme Court has laid down that the provisions of section 5 of the Limitation Act is applicable to a proceeding pending before a Court and not to otherwise as laid down in the case of Sakru v. Tanaji (Supra).
We could lay hands to a recent judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of CIT v. Data Software Research Co. Limited, . In this case the assessee failed to produce the copy of the agreement which he was required to do so before the first date of October of the assessment year in relation to which the approval is first sought, under Section 80O of the Income Tax Act. The High Court had condoned the delay and directed the consideration of the agreements filed belatedly on merits. The Supreme Court accepted the argument of the Revenue that there is no provision for condonation of delay in section 80O, with the following observation:-
"The provision of Section 80O mandates the production of agreement in respect of which relief is sought, " before the first date of October of the assessment year in relation to which the approval is first sought", and there is no provision for condonation of such delay. There was also no application before the Central Board for condonation of delay. In the circumstances, the High Court ought not to have directed that delay in production of agreement be condoned. The courts are obliged to do justice according to the lavy. In ordering condonation of delay in these circumstances, it cannot, in our opinion be said that justice according to the law was rendered by the High Court".
22. We are conscious of the fact that the view which we are proposing to take in the matter may work some hardship in certain cases. But hardship or injustice may be relevant 'consideration in applying the principle of interpretation of Statute, but cannot be a ground for extending the period of limitation, as observed by the Supreme Court in a recent decision, Damodaran Pillai and Ors. v. South Indian Bank Limited JT 2005 (8) 197. In this case the Supreme Court was called upon to decide as to whether the inherent power of Court for condonation of delay can be invoked by a court when by express provision, the applicability of Section 5 of the Limitation Act has been excluded under Order 21 of the Code of Civil Procedure to an application for execution. The execution application was dismissed in default and the restoration application was filed beyond the period prescribed under Order 21 Rule 105 C.P.C. The argument of the decree-holder was that notwithstanding the fact about the exclusion of applicability of Section 5 of the Limitation Act, the Court has inherent power to restore the execution application even if the restoration application was filed beyond the prescribed period. Repelling the said argument of the decree-holder the Supreme Court in the aforementioned case has relied upon its earlier judgment given in the case of R. Rudraiah and Anr. v. State of Karnatka and Ors.; wherein it was held that an application under the relevant Act (Karnatka Land Reforms Act 1961) before the Tribunal be made before the expiry of the period of 6 months from She date of commencement of Section 1 of the Karnataka Land Reforms Act 1978. It can not be made after six months. The observations made in the aforesaid case of Shri R. Rudraiah an Ors. (Supra) which was reproduced by the Apex court in the subsequent judgment of Damodaran Pillai and Ors. (Supra) is reproduced below :-
"17. It is true there is a principle of interpretation of statues that the plain or grammatical construction which leads to injustice or absurdity is to be avoided (see Venkatarama Iyer, J. in Tirath Singh v. Bachittar Singh (AIR at 855). But that principle can be Applied only if "the language admits of an interpretation which would avoid it". Shamrao V. Parulekar v. District Magistrate AIR at 327. In our view Section 48A, as amended, has fixed a specific date for the making of an application by a simple rule of arithmetic, and there is therefore no scope for implying any "ambiguity" at all. Further " the fixation of periods of limitation must always be to some extend arbitrary, and may frequently result in hardship. But in construing such provisions, equitable considerations are out of place, and the strict grammatical meaning of the words is the only safe guide."
23. The other cases relied upon by the learned standing counsel - (1) Commissioner of Income Tax v. Orissa Concrete and Allied Industries Ltd., , (2) Commissioner of Income Tax v. Subhash Chand Goel (2001)151 ITR 728 and (3) Mangu and Ors. v. State of Rajasthan being besides the point need no discussion, These decisions have no relevancy at all to the controversy involved in the facts of the present case.
24. In Income Tax Reference No. 279 of 1991 the order of penalty was set aside by the Tribunal on a limited ground that the provision of Section 5 of the Limitation Act is applicable to an application filed under Section 146(1) of the Act. We have held otherwise in the connected reference No. 68 of 1997. Meaning thereby the setting aside of order of penalty on the above limited ground is unjustified. Now the tribunal will redecide the appeals on grounds other than the question of applicability of Limitation Act. We answer the questions in reference No. 275 of 1991 accordingly i.e. in favour of the Revenue and against the assessee.
25. In view of the above discussion we answer the aforesaid question of law in both the Income Tax References in negative i.e. in favour of the Revenue and against the assessee and hold that Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act is not applicable to the Income Tax proceedings under Section 146 of the Act.
26. There shall be no order as to costs.