JUDGMENT Prakash Krishna, J.
1. This appeal was admitted by this Court on 6th Aug., 2001, on the basis of substantial questions of law, as referred to in the ground Nos. (d) and (f) in the memo of appeal. They are reproduced below :
(1) Because the learned Tribunal was duty-bound to raise a presumption under the provisions of Section 114 of the Evidence Act concerning regular performance of judicial and official acts ?
(2) Because the facts determined and found in the judicial order of C.M.M., Kanpur, to the effect that the tankers were being used on 31st March, 1997, without permit were binding on the IT authorities and, in any case, finding therein cannot be upset without reliable evidence and merely on conjectures and surmises.
2. The assessee is a private limited company. It is engaged in the transport of oil business. The dispute relates to the asst, yr. 1997-98. It claimed depreciation of two oil tankers bearing registration Nos. UP-78-N/6916 and UP-78-N/6917. These tankers were purchased by sale invoice dt. 17th Feb., 1997. The documents produced during assessment proceedings show that complete tankers along with body were duly delivered to the assessee by Motor and General Sales Ltd. on and after 26th March, 1997. The registration certificates of payment of road tax are dt. 31st March, 1997. In view of these facts the assessee claimed depreciation on the aforesaid two vehicles also which was denied by the AO, namely, Dy. CIT Circle-II(1), Kanpur on the ground that the vehicles were not actually used for the purposes of business in the relevant previous year. The assessee's claim for depreciation was negatived by the AO, CIT Circle-H(1), on the ground that these tankers could not have run on 31st March, 1997, as the relevant papers for plying on road were not available with the assessee. The reliance placed by the assessee on the challans on these oil tankers by the transport authority was also not accepted on the ground that challans are unnumbered and they do not bear any stamp of any authority and both the vehicles were challaned at the same place, i.e., at Rama Devi Chauraha at 4.00 PM on 31st March, 1997, show that the story of challan has been fabricated by the assessee to create a evidence that the tankers have been run. An adverse inference was drawn as the original challan documents could not be produced by the assessee before the assessing authority. The AO did not accept the order of the criminal Court dt. 12th Jan., 2000, imposing fine on the aforesaid vehicles for the breach of Motor Vehicles Act, committed by the disputed tankers on 31st March, 1997. The said assessment order was confirmed in appeal by the CIT(A) II, Kanpur, and second appeal by the Tribunal has also been dismissed by it on the ground "that the truck in respect of which certificate by the registration authority was issued only on 1st April, 1997, could not have been plied on 31st March, 1997."
Heard Sri Yogesh Agarwal, learned counsel for the appellant, and Sri Govind Krishna, learned standing counsel for the Department, and perused the record.
3. Learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the assessee is entitled for depreciation under Section 32 of the IT Act. There is no requirement that the assets should be used in the whole assessment year in question. The object of the legislature in granting depreciation allowance under Section 32 of the Act is to give due allowance to the assessee for wear and tear suffered by the assessee, used by him in the business so that net income {total income) is duly arrived at. Elaborating the argument it was submitted that the words 'used for the purposes of business' should be given larger interpretation. An assets 'ready for use' but 'actually not used, is also entitled for depreciation. Reliance was placed upon Rules 47 and 48 of the Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, which grant grace period of seven days for making application for registration of motor vehicles from the date of taking delivery of such vehicle excluding the period of journey. It was submitted that the facts that vehicles were challaned on 31st March, 1997, and subsequently penalty of Rs. 500 was also imposed by the C.M.M., Kanpur, clearly show that the vehicles were actually plied on 31st March, 1997. There is a presumption of correctness of the official acts under Section 114 of the Evidence Act and that presumption was wrongly not drawn by the authorities below.
4. In contra, learned standing counsel submitted that to claim depreciation under Section 32 of the Act, it is essential to establish that the asset was actually used during the relevant previous year by the assessee. He submitted that the restricted meaning to the word 'used' should be given while interpreting Section 32 of the Act. The findings recorded by the Tribunal are findings of fact and no substantial question of law is involved in the appeal.
5. The appellant-assessee took delivery of complete tankers along with body mounted on the chasis on 26th March, 1997, from Motor and General Sales, Allahabad. The sale certificates issued by the selling dealer are on record. The authorities below have not accepted the case of the assessee-appellant about the use of trucks in question on the ground that the assessee could not produce the documents to show that these tankers were used by the appellant-assessee on the last day of the previous year. The assessee-appellant submitted that these two oil tankers were, in fact, challaned by Chakeri police on 31st March, 1997, at 4.00 PM, at Ramadevi Chauraha. Copies of these challans were produced before the AO. The orders passed by the C.M.M., Kanpur, were also produced before it, but were not accepted on the ground that these have been managed by the appellant-assessee. This approach of the authorities below cannot be approved in the face of judicial order levying fine on the appellant-assessee. There is a presumption of existence of certain facts under Section 114 of the Evidence Act. The Court may presume under Clause (e) of Section 114 of the Evidence Act (that) the judicial and official acts have been regularly performed. The said presumption although is presumption of fact, could be rebutted on production of some cogent and relevant material and not otherwise. The authorities below clearly committed illegality in not drawing presumption of challans of the vehicles in question on the last day of relevant previous year. The judicial order passed by the criminal Court cannot be ignored as has been done by the authorities below, on speculation and surmises. It is not possible to come to the conclusion in the absence of any contrary material that the judicial order was obtained as 'stage show', the phrase used by the CIT(A) in the case in hand.
6. It is fairly settled that finding of question of fact can be challenged as erroneous in law where there is no evidence to support it or is based on material which is irrelevant or partially relevant and partially irrelevant or it is based on conjectures and surmises. In the case in hand the finding of non-user of the oil tankers in question is based upon the guess work and surmises as well as non-consideration of the relevant material on record. There is presumption that the judicial and official acts have been regularly performed. The said presumption should have been drawn by the authorities below and, therefore, the case should have been examined as to whether the said presumption stands rebutted on the basis of material on record or not. The said presumption is available under law to the assessee-appellant. It is difficult to accept that the orders passed by the Chief Judicial Magistrate, levying penalty were collusive in nature and were only 'stage show'.
7. The Tribunal was obsessed with a view that since the registration of the vehicles by the registering officer under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 was granted on 1st April, 1997, the vehicles could not be plied on 31st March, 1997. The Tribunal approached the said problem with wrong angle. For the income-tax purposes the Tribunal was required to examine as to whether the assets (oil tankers) were used during previous assessment year or not. The user of oil tankers even prior to obtaining registration from the registering authority or without payment of road tax, etc. may be violative of the provisions of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. But nonetheless, if the vehicle was plied even without obtaining registration or payment of road tax, etc., it cannot be said, as a matter of fact, that the vehicle has not been used. The attention of the Tribunal was not drawn towards Rule 47 of the Motor Vehicles Rules which gives seven days time to apply for registration of the vehicle with the registering authority under the Motor Vehicles Act. The finding recorded by the Tribunal that oil tankers were not used on the last elate of the previous year is not based on legal evidence, and has given rise to a substantial question of law involved in the appeal and, therefore, it is not correct to say that the appeal is concluded by finding of fact and is not maintainable.
8. The apex Court while interpreting Section 32 of the Act, has held in Mysore Minerals Ltd. v. CIT (1999) 239 ITR 775 (SC), that Section 32 confers benefits on the assessee. The provision should be so interpreted and the word used therein should be assigned such meaning as would enable the assessee to secure the benefits intended to be given by the legislature to the assessee. It is also settled that where there are two possible interpretation of taxing provision, one which is favourable to the assessee should be preferred. Two requirements to claim depreciation under Section 32 of the Act are; (i) the assets should be owned by the assessee and (ii) it should be used for the purposes of business or profession. The Supreme Court has preferred to give wide meaning to the term 'owned' following its earlier judgment given in the case of CIT v. Poddar Cement (P) Ltd. (1997) 226 ITR 625 (SC), in which it has been held that anyone in possession of the property in his own title exercising such dominical over the property as would enable the others being excluded therefrom and having the right to use and occupy the property and/or to enjoy its usurp in his own right would be the 'owner' of the building though the formal deed or title may not have been executed or registered as contemplated by Transfer of Property Act and Registration of Property Act, etc.
9. The Calcutta High Court in CIT v. Salkia Transport Associates (1983) 143 ITR 39 (Cal), has held that it is not necessary to claim depreciation on the motor vehicle that the vehicle should be registered under the Motor Vehicles Act in the assessee's name. Interpreting Section 32(1) of the Act it was held that the said section provides deduction "in respect of depreciation of buildings, machinery, plant or furniture owned by assessee and used for the purpose of business or profession". In that case, there was no dispute that buses were used in assessee's business. The only dispute was whether the buses were owned by the assessee. It was held that Section 22(1) of the Motor Vehicles Act (old Act) does not lay down that a person cannot be. owner of a motor vehicle unless the motor vehicle is registered in his name. Reliance was placed upon a judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of K.L. Johar & Co. v. Dy CTO (1965) 16 STC 213 (SC).
10. CIT v. Nidish Transport Corporation (1990) 185 ITR 669 (Ker) is an authority for the proposition that the motor vehicle is a movable property and transfer of ownership is governed by Sale of Goods Act. Transfer takes effect from date of sale. Registration is not necessary to pass title in the motor vehicle, to claim depreciation under the IT Act.
11. The same view has been taken by Division Bench of Bombay High Court in the case of CIT v. Dilip Singh Sardarsingh Bagga (1993) 201 ITR 995 (Bom). Registration under the Motor Vehicles Act, to claim depreciation under the IT Act, is not an essential prerequisite. Assessee purchasing motor vehicle for valuable consideration and using the same for his business cannot be denied benefit of depreciation on ground that transfer was not recorded under Motor Vehicles Act or vehicle stood in name of vendor in records of the authorities under the Motor Vehicles Act. This judgment has been followed by Delhi High Court in the case of CIT v. Basti Sugar Mills Co. Ltd. (2002) 257 ITR 88 (Del).
12. In Machinery Mfrs. Corporation Ltd. v. CIT (1957) 31 ITR 203 (Bom), the Bombay High Court has observed that the expression 'used' in Section 10(2)(vi) of the Indian IT Act, 1922, corresponding to Section 32 of the Act, has to be given wider meaning. The expression includes passive as well as active user. It has been judicially held in number of cases that depreciation might be allowed in certain cases even though the machinery was not in use or was kept idle. The words 'used for the purposes of business' are capable of larger and narrower interpretation. If the expression used is constituted strictly, it can be taken as connoting or requiring the active requirement or actual working of the machinery, plant or building in the business. On the other hand, wider meaning will include not only cases where machinery and plant, etc. are actively employed but also the cases where there is what may be described as passive user of the same in the business and the same can be said to be in use when it is kept ready for use. The Delhi High Court in CIT v. Refrigeration & Allied Industries Ltd. (2001) 247 ITR 12 (Del) has held that the assessee was entitled to depreciation allowance on coal storage plant though the machinery had not actually worked during the accounting period.
13. The Punjab & Haryana High Court in CIT v. Pepsu Road Transport Corporation (2002) 253 ITR 303 (P&H) has held that the assessee who was the transporter had to keep spare engine in the store, was entitled for depreciation on spare engine in the store, as the engines were meant to be used in, case of need. There is normal depreciation of value even when machine or equipment is merely kept in the store. Looking to the nature of business of that assessee, who was transporter, it was held that keeping spare engines in store to meet the emergent situation, was the requirement of business.
14. In view of the above exposition of law, the case in hand is to be examined. The two oil tankers along with mounted bodies were purchased for the business purposes by the assessee who is transporter during the accounting year. It is not the case of the Department that these oil tankers were not necessary for the business purposes of the assessee-appellant. These oil tankers were actually plied on road on the last date of accounting year and were challaned and also fined by the C.M.M., Kanpur. Therefore, the oil tankers were actually put to use in the relevant accounting year by the assessee for its business purposes. Alternatively, the assessee was entitled for depreciation on these two oil tankers as they were purchased during relevant accounting year for the business purposes and were ready to use; road tax was deposited and oil tankers were got registered with the registering authority on the last date of the accounting year. Failure of the assessee to produce hire contract with the parties in respect to two oil tankers is of little significance in view of exposition of law that the word 'used' under Section 32 of the Act has to be given wider meaning and it will include assets ready for use.
15. In the result, we are of the opinion that substantial questions of law are involved in the appeal and (assessee was entitled to depreciation on two oil tankers bearing) registration Nos. UP-78-N/6916 and UP-78-N/6917.
There shall be, however, no order as to costs.